铸币利途探微芒

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了损耗。理论上讲,这些损耗通过一些方法能够大致估算,然而,这熔炼工艺复杂多变,各地情况又不尽相同,故而并没有一个能放之四海而皆准、严格统一的标准。这可就给了官吏们可乘之机,他们借此漏洞,堂而皇之地自行决定每两银子该收多少火耗,肆意中饱私囊。”
    “具体怎么操作呢?”叶梦珠好奇地问。
    “就拿清官收三钱火耗来说,”林宇耐心解释道,“在彼时的赋税体系下,百姓若需缴纳一两银子的税赋,按惯例,实际得交付一两三钱。官吏们会一丝不苟地在账本上如实记录,详尽载明每一笔收支明细。之后,他们会将这些零碎的散银集中起来,送去专门的熔炼场所。然而,经实际操作与核算可知,真正在熔炼过程中产生的损耗,可能仅有一钱,甚者更少。如此一来,多收的那两钱银子,便成了一笔可自由支配的‘灰色收入’。一部分悄无声息地落入了官吏个人的腰包,用以改善自身生活,添置田产、购置华服等;另一部分则被用以填补官府在其他方面的亏空,诸如修缮衙门、购置官用物资时产生的资金缺口。”
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    “那贪官岂不是更过分?”
    “没错!”林宇重重地点头,神情中满是愤懑,“贪官蠹役在火耗征收上,可谓无所不用其极。他们常常肆意将火耗提至五钱甚至更高,全然不顾百姓死活。在熔炼环节,更是暗箱操作,手段极为隐蔽。铸币所用金属原料在熔炼过程中,实际损耗不过一钱之数,然而,负责此环节的官吏却蓄意虚报,公然对外宣称损耗高达五钱。这般明目张胆的虚报行径,使得中间平白多出来的四钱差额,就这样轻而易举地落入了他们自己的腰包,成为其中饱私囊的不义之财还有那秤量之时,所用之秤精准度存疑,大秤进小秤出,在称重间便将百姓的血汗钱克扣盘剥。这般行径,使得百姓所交赋税远远超出实际损耗,民生艰难,苦不堪言。”
    他放下笔,神色严肃地说:“咱们铸币,也要利用火耗,但必须建立严格的标准和监管。只收二钱火耗,而且要让百姓清楚知道,这火耗是用来弥补正常的熔炼损耗,多余的分文不取。”
    “原来如此!”叶梦珠恍然,眼中满是钦佩,“大人思虑深远,如此一来,又能多赚12%的利润。只是,如何让百姓和官府认可咱们的火耗?”
    “这便要靠银币的质量与信誉。”林宇神色凝重,缓缓起身,迈着沉稳的步伐走到窗边。他目光如炬,望向窗外那熙熙攘攘、热闹非凡的街道,只见人来人往,叫卖声、谈笑声交织一片,一片繁荣市井之景。“咱们铸造的银币,成色、重量都要统一标准,切不可有丝毫偏差。务必比市面上流通的那些参差不齐的银钱更可靠,让百姓一眼便能看出差别。唯有如此,百姓用起来才会放心。百姓一旦认可,火耗之事,自然也就迎刃而解了。而且从铸币技术来看,有了水利压铸机,模具便能越发精准耐用,人力耗费也会减少,成本随之降低,如此一来,利润空间自然也就越高。”
    “大人,您看这铸造工艺,我在古籍里也查到些门道。”叶梦珠翻开一本泛黄的书卷,指着上面的记载说道,“古代铸币,前期多用范铸法。从春秋战国到秦汉,陶范铸币极为常见。就拿山西夏县禹王城遗址出土的西汉钱币范来说,范面设两竖行币型,每行9枚,一次便能铸出18枚钱币。但陶范易碎,平均每块范只能使用3-5次,且制作一块陶范需耗费3日工时,人工成本颇高。石范质地紧密,能使用20-30次,像20世纪50-80年代,内蒙古包头窝土尔战国遗址就采集到3件石制‘安阳’方足布范,可其制作材料稀缺,开采运输成本大。金属范中,铜范又最为常用,山东曾出土战国时期燕国铜范,陕西凤翔、岐山一带也有秦‘半两’铜范现世,铜范虽耐用,但制作工艺复杂,成本是陶范的5倍有余。”
    林宇听得入神,不住点头:“这范铸法虽经典,但效率终究有限。而水利压铸机配合母钱,工序简化不少。”
    “如此说来,咱们若采用这水利压铸机,定能事半功倍。”叶梦珠眼中闪烁着兴奋的光芒。
    林宇微微颔首,神情凝重且语气坚定,“银子绝非粪土,而是锋利无比的刀剑!用之得当,可护国佑民,筑牢社稷根基;用之偏邪,则如同自掘坟墓,足以令一族覆灭——在这混沌世道,枪炮虽具毁伤之力,却远不及人心叵测,而在人心的诸多阴暗面里,对银子那无休无止的贪婪之心,堪称最为阴毒。再者,我并非守财奴,咱们赚得再多的钱财,最终都是要花出去的。咱们得砸下几十万、几百万两银子,去收买基层官吏,从根基处着手,徐徐图之。咱们的目标,是要一个县接着一个县,如蚕食桑叶一般稳步推进。瞧那成都府,作为蜀地首善之区,商贸繁荣、人口众多,拿下此地,意义重大;还有重庆府,扼守长江
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